== Land Surface Parameters ==
[[TracNav(doc/app/partoc|nocollapse)]]

[[NoteBox(note,This page is part of the **Land Surface Model** (LSM) documentation. \\ It contains a listing of all PALM input parameters used to steer the LSM. \\ Please also see the **[wiki:doc/tec/lsm technical documentation]**., 450px)]]


Since r1551 a full land surface model (LSM) is available in PALM. It consists of a multi layer soil model, predicting soil temperature and moisture content, and a solver for the energy balance at the surface. Moreover, a liquid water reservoir accounts for the presence of liquid water on plants due to dew/fog. The implementation is based on the ECMWF-IFS land surface parametrization (TESSEL) and its adaption in the DALES model. For more details see [wiki:doc/tec/lsm land surface model documentation].

All parts of the LSM code are modularized in module [/browser/palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 land_surface_model_mod]. In this context, a new Fortran namelist {{{land_surface_parameters}}} was added, containing all LSM-related steering parameters. The LSM is automatically activated when a {{{land_surface_parameters}}} is set in the parameter file ({{{_p3d}}}). The user can easily set all relevant LSM parameters by choosing between 3 different surface types (vegetation, pavement, water) and various pre-defined surface classes 17 pre-defined [#vegetation_type vegetation types], 7 pre-defined [#pavement_type pavement type]s, 4 pre-defined [#water_type water types], and 6 different [#soil_type soil types]. The default setting of the LSM is a soil of medium porosity covered to 85% with short grass. It is also possible to modify the pre-defined vegetation/soil types by overwriting some of the parameters. Moreover it is possible to create user-defined vegetation and soil types from scratch.

A minimum configuration of the LSM requires setting of the parameters [#soil_type soil_type], [#vegetation_type vegetation_type], [#soil_temperature soil_temperature], [#deep_soil_temperature deep_soil_temperature], and [#soil_moisture soil_moisture]. 

Note that the use of the LSM requires using a [wiki:doc/tec/radiation radiation model].


'''Namelist group name: {{{land_surface_parameters}}}'''

||='''Parameter Name'''  =||='''[../fortrantypes Fortran Type]'''  =||='''Default Value'''  =||='''Explanation'''  =||
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#aero_resist_kray '''aero_resist_kray''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
L
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
.T.
}}}
{{{#!td
If set to .TRUE., the parameterization of the aerodynamic resistance for vertical land surface elements follows Krayenhoff & Voogt (2007).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#alpha_vangenuchten '''alpha_vangenuchten''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Value of the coefficient alpha for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten (1980).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#c_surface '''c_surface''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Heat capacity of the surface (skin layer) per unit of area (in J/m²/K) in case of vegetated surfaces. Note that this parameter does not apply in case of [#water_type water_type] and [#pavement_type pavement_type] surfaces.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#canopy_resistance_coefficient '''canopy_resistance'''\\'''_coefficient''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
A coefficient (in 1/hPa) for the dependence of the canopy resistance on water vapor pressure deficit. Only relevant for high vegetation.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#conserve_water_content '''conserve_water_content''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
L
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
.T.
}}}
{{{#!td
Flag parameter for the bottom boundary condition of the soil model.

The user can choose between the following two options:

'' '.T.' ''

Closed bottom (bedrock, no drainage). Conservation of water in the soil and atmosphere is guaranteed.


'' '.F.' ''

Open bottom (free drainage). Water can leave the soil model and conservation of water is not guaranteed.

}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#constant_roughness '''constant_roughness''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
L
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
.F.
}}}
{{{#!td
Keep prescribed roughness length constant in time. This parameter only applied to [#water_surface water_surface]s, where the roughness lengths may depend on wind speed and usually follows parameterizations after Charnock (1955) and Beljaars (1994).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#deep_soil_temperature '''deep_soil_temperature''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
9999999.9
}}}
{{{#!td
Deep soil temperature (K) used as bottom boundary condition for the heat diffusion in the soil model. Note, in case soil temperature is given in dynamic input file, the deep soil temperature will be taken from the deepest level.  
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#dz_soil '''dz_soil''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R(20)
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
see description
}}}
{{{#!td
Thickness of the individual soil layers (in m). Note that the model operates with negative values below the surface which will appear in the output files. Up to 20 individual soil layers can be chosen.

'''Default (eight layer configuration):'''
{{{
dz_soil = 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.14, 0.26, 0.54, 1.86
}}}
'''Schematic overview of the soil model grid:'''
(example for natural land surfaces with vegetation)
[[Image(wall_concept_type1.png,300px)]]
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#field_capacity '''field_capacity''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil moisture at field capacity (in m³/m³).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#f_shortwave_incoming '''f_shortwave_incoming''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Fraction of the net shortwave radiation that is transmitted directly to the top soil layer (0-1). The remaining fraction of the shortwave radiation is absorbed by the surface (skin layer). This parameter has not been fully implemented yet and is fixed to 0.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#hydraulic_conductivity '''hydraulic_conductivity''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Hydraulic conductivity of the soil at saturation (in m/s).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#lambda_surface_stable '''lambda_surface_stable''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Heat conductivity (between atmosphere and soil) (in W/m²/K) in case of stable stratification.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#lambda_surface_unstable '''lambda_surface_unstable''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Heat conductivity (between atmosphere and soil) (in W/m²/K) in case of unstable stratification.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#leaf_area_index '''leaf_area_index''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Leaf area index of the canopy (in m²/m²).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#l_vangenuchten '''l_vangenuchten''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Value of the coefficient {{{l}}} for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten (1980).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#min_canopy_resistance '''min_canopy_resistance''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Minimum canopy (i.e., stomatal) resistance (in s/m).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#min_soil_resistance '''min_soil_resistance''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
50.0
}}}
{{{#!td
Minimum soil resistance (in s/m).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#n_vangenuchten '''n_vangenuchten''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Value of the coefficient {{{n}}} for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten (1980).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#pavement_depth_level '''pavement_depth_level''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
I
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Extend of the depth of the pavement in grid levels below the surface.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#pavement_heat_capacity '''pavement_heat_capacity''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Heat capacity of the pavement (J/K/m³).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#pavement_heat_conduct '''pavement_heat_conduct''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Thermal conductivity of the pavement (W/m/K).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#pavement_type '''pavement_type''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
I
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
1
}}}
{{{#!td
Pavement type classification according to the following list and which loosely follows the Open Street Map classification. Note that the default pavement types (i.e. {{{pavement_type /= 0}}}) is only allowed in combination with the default soil layer configuration.

**WARNING** Most parameter values of the different pavement types are not yet implemented!

||= '''pavement_type''' =||='''Description''' =||='''Notes''' =||
||  0||user defined                 ||All pavement parameters must be explicitly set by the user. ||
||  1||asphalt/concrete mix         || not fully implemented ||
||  2||asphalt (asphalt concrete)   || not fully implemented ||
||  3||concrete (Portland concrete) || not fully implemented ||
||  4||sett                         || not yet implemented ||
||  5||paving stones                || not yet implemented ||
||  6||cobblestone                  || not yet implemented ||
||  7||metal                        || not yet implemented ||
||  8||wood                         || not yet implemented ||
||  9||gravel                       || not yet implemented ||
|| 10||fine gravel                  || not yet implemented ||
|| 11||pebblestone                  || not yet implemented ||
|| 12||woodchips                    || not yet implemented ||
|| 13||tartan (sports)              || not yet implemented ||
|| 14||artifical turf (sports)      || not yet implemented ||
|| 15||clay (sports)                || not yet implemented ||


Pavement parameters:
||= '''pavement type''' =||='''z0_pavement (m)''' =||= '''z0h_pavement (m)''' =||='''albedo_type''' =||='''emissivity''' =||= '''pavement_depth_level''' =||='''Notes''' =||
||  1||  5.0E-2|| 5.0E-4|| 18|| 0.97|| 6|| ||
||  2||  5.0E-2|| 5.0E-4|| 19|| 0.94|| 6|| ||
||  3||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 20|| 0.98|| 6|| ||         
||  4||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 21|| 0.93|| 6||dummy values ||
||  5||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 22|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
||  6||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 23|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
||  7||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 24|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
||  8||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 25|| 0.94|| 6||dummy values ||
||  9||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 26|| 0.98|| 6||dummy values ||             
|| 10||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 27|| 0.93|| 6||dummy values ||
|| 11||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 28|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
|| 12||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 29|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
|| 13||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 30|| 0.97|| 6||dummy values ||
|| 14||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 31|| 0.94|| 6||dummy values ||
|| 15||  1.0E-2|| 1.0E-4|| 32|| 0.98|| 6||dummy values ||

Pavement thermal conductivity (will be updated in near future):
||= '''pavement type''' =||='''layer 1''' =||= '''layer 2''' =||='''layer 3''' =||='''layer 4''' =||='''layer 5''' =||='''layer 6''' =||='''layer 7''' =||='''layer 8''' =||='''Notes ''' =||
||  1|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| -|| -||||
||  2|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| 0.75|| -|| -||||
||  3|| 0.89|| 0.89|| 0.89|| 0.89|| 0.89|| 0.89|| -|| -||||
||  4|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  5|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  6|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  7|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  8|| 0.70|| 0.70|| 0.70|| 0.70|| 0.70|| 0.70|| -|| -||||
||  9|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 10|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 11|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 12|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 13|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 14|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 15|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| 1.00|| -|| -||dummy values ||

Pavement heat capacity (will be updated in near future):
||= '''pavement type''' =||='''layer 1''' =||= '''layer 2''' =||='''layer 3''' =||='''layer 4''' =||='''layer 5''' =||='''layer 6''' =||='''layer 7''' =||='''layer 8''' =||='''Notes''' =||
||  1|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  2|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  3|| 1.76E6|| 1.76E6|| 1.76E6|| 1.76E6|| 1.76E6|| 1.76E6|| -|| -||||
||  4|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  5|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  7|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  8|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
||  9|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 10|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 11|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 12|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 13|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 14|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||
|| 15|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| 1.94E6|| -|| -||dummy values ||

}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#residual_moisture '''residual_moisture''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Residual soil moisture content (in m³/m³).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#root_fraction '''root_fraction''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R(21)
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
9999999.9
}}}
{{{#!td
Root distribution. A value must be assigned to each soil layer (1-N) (see [#dz_soil dz_soil]).
{{{
#!Latex
\[ R_k \]
}}}
over the N soil layers (with index {{{k}}}). 
It must hold that
{{{
#!Latex
$ \sum_{k=1}^N R_k = 1. $
}}}
where N is the number of soil layers used.

If root_fraction is not set, a distribution is inferred based on the setting of [#vegetation_type vegetation_type] and the following look-up table for a four-layer soil configuration (using interpolation):

||= '''vegetation_type''' =||= '''layer 1 (0.00 - 0.07 m)'''=||=''' layer 2 (0.07 - 0.28 m)''' =||='''layer 3 (0.28 - 1.00 m)''' =||='''layer 4 (1.00 - 2.89 m)''' =||
||  1|| 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 ||
||  2|| 0.24 || 0.41 || 0.31 || 0.04 ||
||  3|| 0.35 || 0.38 || 0.23 || 0.04 ||
||  4|| 0.26 || 0.39 || 0.29 || 0.06 ||
||  5|| 0.26 || 0.38 || 0.29 || 0.07 ||
||  6|| 0.24 || 0.38 || 0.31 || 0.07 ||
||  7|| 0.25 || 0.34 || 0.27 || 0.14 ||
||  8|| 0.27 || 0.27 || 0.27 || 0.09 ||
||  9|| 1.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 ||
|| 10|| 0.47 || 0.45 || 0.08 || 0.00 ||
|| 11|| 0.24 || 0.41 || 0.31 || 0.04 ||
|| 12|| 0.17 || 0.31 || 0.33 || 0.19 ||    
|| 13|| 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 ||    
|| 14|| 0.25 || 0.34 || 0.27 || 0.11 ||    
|| 15|| 0.23 || 0.36 || 0.30 || 0.11 ||    
|| 16|| 0.23 || 0.36 || 0.30 || 0.11 ||    
|| 17|| 0.19 || 0.35 || 0.36 || 0.10 ||    
|| 18|| 0.19 || 0.35 || 0.36 || 0.10 || 



}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#saturation_moisture '''saturation_moisture''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil moisture at saturation (in m³/m³).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#skip_time_do_lsm '''skip_time_do_lsm''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
0.0
}}}
{{{#!td
Time after which the land surface model is switched on. This parameter can be used to allow the LES model to develop turbulence before it is affected by the land surface.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#soil_moisture '''soil_moisture''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R(21)
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
21*0.0
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil moisture distribution over the N soil layers (m³/m³) (given by [#dz_soil dz_soil]). Soil moisture is defined at the center of the soil layers (see [#dz_soil dz_soil]) and is only predicted when [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#humidity humidity]{{{ = .T.}}}.

'''Default (dry, eight layer configuration):'''
{{{
soil_moisture = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
}}}
'''Please note, in case a dynamic input file is available soil moisture will be initialized by dynamic input.'''
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#soil_temperature '''soil_temperature''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R(21)
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
20*9999999.9
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil temperature distribution over the N soil layers (in K).

'''Example (eight layer configuration):'''
{{{
soil_temperature = 300.0, 300.0, 300.0, 300.0, 300.0, 300.0, 300.0, 300.0,
}}}
The eight values here represent the temperature of the soil layers (defined at the center of the layers of depths [#dz_soil dz_soil].
'''Please note, a soil temperature need to be prescribed, even though in case a dynamic input file is available soil temperature will be initialized by dynamic input!'''
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#soil_type '''soil_type''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
I
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
3
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil type to be used in the soil model.


The user can choose from 6 soil types according to the ECMWF-IFS classification (parametrization after Van Genuchten (1980):
||= '''soil_type''' =||='''Description''' =||='''Notes''' =||
|| 0||user defined ||All soil-related parameters must be explicitly set by the user. ||
|| 1||coarse ||||
|| 2||medium ||||
|| 3||medium-fine ||||
|| 4||fine ||||
|| 5||very fine ||||
|| 6||organic ||||

The following parameters will then be automatically set: [#alpha_vangenuchten alpha_vangenuchten] (alpha_vg), [#l_vangenuchten l_vangenuchten] (l_vg), [#n_vangenuchten n_vangenuchten] (n_vg), [#hydraulic_conductivity hydraulic_conductivity] (gamma_w_sat), [#saturation_moisture saturation_moisture] (m_sat), [#field_capacity field_capacity] (m_fc), [#wilting_point wilting_point] (m_wilt), [#residual_moisture residual_moisture] (m_res).

||= '''soil_type''' =||='''alpha_vg''' =||='''l_vg''' =||='''n_vg''' =||='''gamma_w_sat (m/s)''' =||='''m_sat (m³/m³)''' =||='''m_fc (m³/m³)''' =||='''m_wilt (m³/m³)''' =||='''m_res (m³/m³)''' =||
||  1|| 3.83||  1.150|| 1.38|| 6.94E-6|| 0.403|| 0.244|| 0.059|| 0.025||
||  2|| 3.14|| -2.342|| 1.28|| 1.16E-6|| 0.439|| 0.347|| 0.151|| 0.010||
||  3|| 0.83|| -0.588|| 1.25|| 0.26E-6|| 0.430|| 0.383|| 0.133|| 0.010||
||  4|| 3.67|| -1.977|| 1.10|| 2.87E-6|| 0.520|| 0.448|| 0.279|| 0.010||
||  5|| 2.65||  2.500|| 1.10|| 1.74E-6|| 0.614|| 0.541|| 0.335|| 0.010||
||  6|| 1.30||  0.400|| 1.20|| 1.20E-6|| 0.766|| 0.663|| 0.267|| 0.010||
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#surface_type '''surface_type''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
C
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
'netcdf'
}}}
{{{#!td
Surface type classification. Allowed are 'vegetation', 'pavement', 'water', and 'netcdf'. Depdening on {{{surface_type}}}, the required parameters are set via setting of [#vegetation_type vegetation_type], [#pavement_type pavement_type], or [#water_type water_type]. When a static input file is provide, {{{surface_type = 'netcdf'}}} must be set and the input data required for the LSM is expected to be provided from an NetCDF input file.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#switch_off_module '''switch_off_module''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
L
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
.F.
}}}
{{{#!td

}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#vegetation_coverage '''vegetation_coverage''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Vegetation coverage of the surface. The residual fraction is considered to be bare soil. 
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#vegetation_type '''vegetation_type''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
I
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
2
}}}
{{{#!td
Vegetation type to be used in the land surface model.

The user can choose from 19 different pre-defined vegetation classes in the style of the ECMWF-IFS classification:
||= '''vegetation_type''' =||='''Description''' =||='''Notes''' =||
||  0||user defined               ||                    ||
||  1||bare soil                  ||                    ||
||  2||crops, mixed farming       ||                    ||
||  3||short grass                ||                    ||
||  4||evergreen needleleaf trees ||                    ||
||  5||deciduous needleleaf trees ||                    ||
||  6||evergreen broadleaf trees  ||                    ||
||  7||deciduous broadleaf trees  ||                    ||
||  8||tall grass                 ||                    ||
||  9||desert                     ||                    ||
|| 10||tundra                     ||                    ||
|| 11||irrigated crops            ||                    ||
|| 12||semidesert                 ||                    ||
|| 13||ice caps and glaciers      ||not yet implemented ||
|| 14||bogs and marshes           ||                    ||
|| 15||evergreen shrubs           ||                    ||
|| 16||deciduous shrubs           ||                    ||
|| 17||mixed forest/woodland      ||                    ||
|| 18||interrupted forest         ||                    ||

The following parameters will then be automatically set: [#min_canopy_resistance min_canopy_resistance] (r_c_min), [#leaf_area_index leaf_area_index] (LAI), [#vegetation_coverage vegetation_coverage] (c_veg), [#canopy_resistance_coefficient canopy_resistance_coefficient] (gD), [#z0_vegetation z0_vegetation], [#z0h_vegetation z0h_vegetation], [#lambda_surface_stable lambda_surface_stable] (lambda_s), [#lambda_surface_unstable lambda_surface_unstable] (lambda_u), [#f_shortwave_incoming f_shortwave_incoming] (f_sw_in), [#c_surface c_surface], [../radiation_parameters#albedo_type albedo_type], [../radiation_parameters#emissivity emissivity] and [#root_fraction root_fraction]. The following tables provide an overview of the parameter values.

||= '''vegetation'''\\'''_type'''=||='''r_c_min (s/m)''' =||='''LAI (m²/m²)''' =||='''c_veg''' =||='''gD (1/hPa)''' =||='''z0_vegeta'''\\'''tion (m)''' =||='''z0h_vege'''\\'''tation (m)''' =||='''lambda_s (W/m²/K)''' =||='''lambda_u (W/m²/K)''' =||='''f_sw_in''' =||='''c_surface'''\\'''(J/m²/K)''' =||='''albedo'''\\'''_type''' =||='''emissivity''' =||='''Notes''' =||
||  1||   0.0|| 0.00|| 0.00|| 0.00||   0.005||  0.5E-4||    0.0||    0.0|| 0.00|| 0.0|| 17.0|| 0.94||||
||  2|| 180.0|| 3.00|| 1.00|| 0.00||   0.10||   0.0001||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 2|| 0.95||||
||  3|| 110.0|| 2.00|| 1.00|| 0.00||   0.03||  0.30E-4||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 5|| 0.95||||
||  4|| 500.0|| 5.00|| 1.00|| 0.03||   2.00||     2.00||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 6|| 0.97||||
||  5|| 500.0|| 5.00|| 1.00|| 0.03||   2.00||     2.00||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 8|| 0.97||||
||  6|| 175.0|| 5.00|| 1.00|| 0.03||   2.00||     2.00||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 9|| 0.97||||
||  7|| 240.0|| 6.00|| 0.99|| 0.13||   2.00||     2.00||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 7|| 0.97||||
||  8|| 100.0|| 2.00|| 0.70|| 0.00||   0.47||  0.47E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 10|| 0.97||||
||  9|| 250.0|| 0.05|| 0.00|| 0.00||  0.013|| 0.013E-2||   15.0||   15.0|| 0.00|| 0.0|| 11|| 0.94||||
|| 10||  80.0|| 1.00|| 0.50|| 0.00||  0.034|| 0.034E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 13|| 0.97||||
|| 11|| 180.0|| 3.00|| 1.00|| 0.00||    0.5||  0.50E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 2|| 0.97||||
|| 12|| 150.0|| 0.50|| 0.10|| 0.00||   0.17||  0.17E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 11|| 0.97||||
|| 13||   0.0|| 0.00|| 0.00|| 0.00|| 1.3E-3||   1.3E-4||   58.0||   58.0|| 0.00|| 0.0|| 14|| 0.97||dummy values ||
|| 14|| 240.0|| 4.00|| 0.60|| 0.00||   0.83||  0.83E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 3|| 0.97||||
|| 15|| 225.0|| 3.00|| 0.50|| 0.00||   0.10||  0.10E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 4|| 0.97||||
|| 16|| 225.0|| 1.50|| 0.50|| 0.00||   0.25||  0.25E-2||   10.0||   10.0|| 0.05|| 0.0|| 5|| 0.97||||
|| 17|| 250.0|| 5.00|| 1.00|| 0.03||   2.00||  2.00||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 10|| 0.97||||
|| 18|| 175.0|| 2.50|| 1.00|| 0.03||   1.10||  1.10||   20.0||   15.0|| 0.03|| 0.0|| 7|| 0.97||||
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#water_temperature '''water_temperature''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#water_type water_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Water temperature (K), by default constant during the entire run.
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#water_type '''water_type''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
I
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
1
}}}
{{{#!td
Water type classification according to the following list.

**WARNING** Most parameter values of the different water types are not yet implemented!

||= '''water_type'''=||='''Description''' =||='''Notes''' =||
|| 0||user defined ||(all water parameters must be explicitly set by the user) ||
|| 1||lake         ||                    ||
|| 2||river        ||not yet implemented ||
|| 3||ocean        ||not yet implemented ||
|| 4||pond         ||not yet implemented ||
|| 5||fountain     ||not yet implemented ||
\\
||= '''water_type'''=||='''water_temperature''' =||='''z0_water''' =||='''z0h_water''' =||='''albedo_type''' =||='''emissivity''' =||
||  1|| 283.0|| 0.01|| 0.001|| 1|| 0.99||
||  2|| 283.0|| 0.01|| 0.001|| 1|| 0.99||
||  3|| 283.0|| 0.01|| 0.001|| 1|| 0.99||
||  4|| 283.0|| 0.01|| 0.001|| 1|| 0.99||
||  5|| 283.0|| 0.01|| 0.001|| 1|| 0.99||

If [#constant_roughness constant_roughness] = .F., the roughness lengths are calculated after each time step after Charnock (1955) and Beljaars (1994) and the values from the table are not used.

}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#wilting_point '''wilting_point''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#soil_type soil_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Soil moisture at permanent wilting point (in m³/m³).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0_pavement '''z0_pavement''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for momentum (in m) for pavement surface types. The setting of {{{z0_pavement}}} overwrites the default setting via [#pavement_type pavement_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length roughness_length].
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0_vegetation '''z0_vegetation''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for momentum (in m) for vegetation surface types. The setting of {{{z0_vegetation}}} overwrites the default setting via [#vegetation_type vegetation_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length roughness_length].
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0_water '''z0_water''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for momentum (in m) for water surface types. The setting of {{{z0_water}}} overwrites the default setting via [#water_type water_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length roughness_length].
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0h_pavement '''z0h_pavement''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for heat (in m). The setting of {{{z0h_pavement}}} overwrites the default setting via [#pavement_type pavement_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor]. In this case, the roughness length for heat is calculated from [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor] and {{{z0h_pavement}}} (or [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length #roughness_length]).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0h_vegetation '''z0h_vegetation''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for heat (in m). The setting of {{{z0h_vegetation}}} overwrites the default setting via [#vegetation_type vegetation_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor]. In this case, the roughness length for heat is calculated from [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor] and {{{z0h_vegetation}}} (or [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length #roughness_length]).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0h_water '''z0h_water''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#water_type water_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for heat (in m). The setting of {{{z0h_water}}} overwrites the default setting via [#water_type water_type] and the relation [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor] . In this case, the roughness length for heat is calculated from [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#z0h_factor z0h_factor] and {{{z0h_water}}} (or [wiki:doc/app/initialization_parameters#roughness_length #roughness_length]).
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0q_pavement '''z0q_pavement''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#pavement_type pavement_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for moisture for pavement surface types (in m). The setting of {{{z0q_pavement}}} overwrites the default relation {{{z0q_pavement}}} = {{{z0h_pavement}}} and the default setting via [#pavement_type pavement_type].
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0q_vegetation '''z0q_vegetation''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#vegetation_type vegetation_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for moisture for pavement surface types (in m). The setting of {{{z0q_vegetation}}} overwrites the default relation {{{z0q_vegetation}}} = {{{z0h_vegetation}}} and the default setting via [#vegetation_type vegetation_type].
}}}
|----------------
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
[=#z0q_water '''z0q_water''']
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
R
}}}
{{{#!td style="vertical-align:top"
depending on [#water_type water_type]
}}}
{{{#!td
Roughness length for moisture for water surface types (in m). The setting of {{{z0q_water}}} overwrites the default relation {{{z0q_water}}} = {{{z0h_water}}} and the default setting via [#water_type water_type].
}}}